{"id":9707,"date":"2017-04-22T18:00:33","date_gmt":"2017-04-22T17:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sharifyar.net\/?p=9707"},"modified":"2025-01-13T19:55:19","modified_gmt":"2025-01-13T19:55:19","slug":"%d8%b2%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/%d8%b2%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b4%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 John Catford"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"9707\" class=\"elementor elementor-9707\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7229bbbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7229bbbe\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b2f9679\" data-id=\"2b2f9679\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364afe0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"364afe0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"\" data-sourcepos=\"1:1-1:37\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 John Catford<\/h2><p data-sourcepos=\"3:1-3:74\"><strong>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/strong> (John Catford)\u060c \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <strong>&#8220;\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647&#8221;<\/strong> (A Theory of Translation) \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1965 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a.<\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"5:1-5:2\"><strong>\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f&#8221; (equivalence) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/strong> \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 &#8220;\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u06cc&#8221; \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 (SL) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f (TL) \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"7:1-7:135\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/strong> \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 TL \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 SL \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627<\/strong>\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/strong> (function) <strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"9:1-9:33\">\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p><ul data-sourcepos=\"11:1-13:0\"><li data-sourcepos=\"11:1-11:146\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc (Linguistic equivalence):<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc SL \u0648 TL \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"12:1-13:0\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc (Cultural equivalence):<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc SL \u0648 TL \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/li><\/ul><p data-sourcepos=\"14:1-14:65\"><strong>\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-sourcepos=\"16:1-18:100\"><li data-sourcepos=\"16:1-16:90\"><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647:<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0631 SL \u062f\u0631 TL \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"17:1-17:122\"><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647:<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631 TL \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 SL \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"18:1-18:100\"><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0646:<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 TL \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 SL \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li><\/ul><p data-sourcepos=\"20:1-20:204\"><strong>\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/strong> \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"22:1-22:167\"><strong>\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644&#8221; \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u062e\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0648 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc.<\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"24:1-24:109\"><strong>\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631<\/strong> \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"26:1-26:168\"><strong>\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f.<\/strong><\/p><p data-sourcepos=\"28:1-28:80\"><strong>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0645:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-sourcepos=\"30:1-39:0\"><li data-sourcepos=\"30:1-30:96\"><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0646:<\/strong> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a) \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"31:1-31:60\"><strong>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 (SL):<\/strong> \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"32:1-32:69\"><strong>\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f (TL):<\/strong> \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"33:1-33:50\"><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645:<\/strong> \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 SL \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 TL \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"34:1-34:91\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f:<\/strong> \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 TL \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u062f\u0631 SL \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"35:1-35:60\"><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc SL \u0648 TL \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"36:1-36:41\"><strong>\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647:<\/strong> \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 SL \u0628\u0647 TL.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"37:1-37:57\"><strong>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628:<\/strong> \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0648\u062f.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"38:1-39:0\"><strong>\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc:<\/strong> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0646 SL \u0648 TL \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li><\/ul><p data-sourcepos=\"40:1-40:10\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-sourcepos=\"42:1-45:0\"><li data-sourcepos=\"42:1-42:74\">Catford, J. C. (1965). A theory of translation. Oxford University Press.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"43:1-43:64\">Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to translation. Pergamon Press.<\/li><li data-sourcepos=\"44:1-45:0\">Nida, E. A., &amp; Taber, C. R. (1969). The theory and practice of translation. United Bible Societies.<\/li><\/ul><p data-sourcepos=\"46:1-46:106\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"just\">\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 John Catford<\/p><p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u060c John Catford \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p><h2>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/h2><p>John Catford \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f 1917 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u00a0A Linguistic Theory of Translation\u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f John Catford \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647: &#8220;\u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f.&#8221; \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9708 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641-\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647.jpg\" alt=\"\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\" width=\"313\" height=\"494\" title=\"\"><\/p><p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a. \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p><p>John Catford \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 (Full) \u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc (Partial) \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.<\/p><h2>\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/h2><p>\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 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\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 John Catford&#8221;<\/h3><hr \/><h4><strong>1. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f (John Catford) \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0648 &#8220;A Linguistic Theory of Translation&#8221; (\u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647) \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>2. \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 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\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>3. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>4. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc&#8221; \u0648 &#8220;\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647&#8221; \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc&#8221; \u0648 &#8220;\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647&#8221; \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0644\u063a\u0648\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>5. \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc (Literal Translation):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li><li><strong>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc (Semantic Translation):<\/strong> \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>6. \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>7. \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0633 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>8. \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0647 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0648 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>9. \u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h4><strong>10. \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/strong><\/h4><p><strong>\u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e:<\/strong><br \/>\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062d\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p><hr \/><h3>\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc:<\/h3><p>\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u06cc\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u06a9\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0647\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n<div class=\"kk-star-ratings kksr-auto kksr-align-right kksr-valign-bottom kksr-disabled\"\n    data-payload='{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;right&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;9707&quot;,&quot;readonly&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;valign&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;ignore&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;reference&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;count&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;legendonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;score&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;starsonly&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;best&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;gap&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;greet&quot;:&quot;\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f&quot;,&quot;legend&quot;:&quot;5\\\/5 - (1 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632)&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;\u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0647 John Catford&quot;,&quot;width&quot;:&quot;142.5&quot;,&quot;_legend&quot;:&quot;{score}\\\/{best} - ({count} {votes})&quot;,&quot;font_factor&quot;:&quot;1.25&quot;}'>\n            \n<div class=\"kksr-stars\">\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-inactive\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"1\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"2\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"3\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"4\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" data-star=\"5\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n<div class=\"kksr-stars-active\" style=\"width: 142.5px;\">\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n            <div class=\"kksr-star\" style=\"padding-left: 5px\">\n            \n\n<div class=\"kksr-icon\" style=\"width: 24px; height: 24px;\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n                \n\n<div class=\"kksr-legend\" style=\"font-size: 19.2px;\">\n            5\/5 - (1 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632)    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a. \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":21831,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3093,2294],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-3093","category-2294"],"modified_by":"admin","views":417,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9707"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24840,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9707\/revisions\/24840"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21831"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spublishers.com\/proje\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}